Chapter 16 Vocabulary & Outline

"Justice and Punishment in the Twenty-First Century"

Vocabulary.

01. Technocorrections - The use of technology to monitor monitor offenders and to prevent future crimes.

02. Genetic risk assessment - Technique that builds upon the discoveries in the area of DNA and genetic mapping, where genetic dispositions toward certain behaviors can be anticipated and prevented.

03. Risk assessment - Classifying and evaluating offenders based on their characteristics, crimes, and backgrounds to determine the likelihood of re-offending.

04. The High/ Scope Perry Preschool Project - A developmental program emphasizing intellectual and social development through active learning designed for children of low socioeconomic status and low IQ who are at high risk for failure in school.

05. Virtual prison - An offender monitoring system in which the offender wears an ankle bracelet and a wireless tracking device that is monitored using Global Positioning Satellites (GPS) and the cellular network.

06. Injected or surgical implants - An alternative to electronic bracelets that cannot be tampered with or defeated effectively, and that can be monitored via Global Positioning Satellites (GPS).

07. Mentally ill offenders - Sixteen percent of offenders in prison, jails, and on probation were identified as mentally ill.

08. Mental health courts - Specialized courts that focus on treatment and rehabilitation of mentally ill offenders who land in the criminal justice system.

09. Gender issues - Issues that center on the fact that women offenders have different problems and in different proportions than men. For example, nearly half of women inmates have been sexually abused in the past versus only 12 percent of men.

10. Balance between just punishment and public safety - The proper consideration of necessary punishment of the offender to express public disapproval of law violation, and corrective treatment necessary to prevent repeated offenses.

11. Offender accountability - An approach to illegal behavior that makes offenders aware of the damage, loss or injury they cause and their responsibility for it.

12. Punishment and control by distance - A corrections approach that includes electronic monitoring, probation kiosks, and camera and satellite surveillance to partially restrict offenders' freedom of movement and to deprive them of some portion of their liberty.

13. Expanding the net - A potential result of punishment and control by distance, subjecting more offenders to stringent forms of surveillance who previously were dealt with less severely through traditional probation or other sanctions.

14. Missouri's parallel universe - An effort by Missouri to prepare inmates for release by engaging them in full-time work activities that imitate the world.

15. Incredible Years training series - A program offering behavior intervention techniques to assist parents and teachers living and working with children ages two to ten.

16. Community justice - Corrections integrated with prevention efforts, wherein the justice system enhances community life, and communities partner effectively with the criminal justice system to share responsibility for social control.

Outline

What are New Ways of Administering Justice and Punishment?
`Technocorrections is the use of technology to monitor offenders and prevent future crimes.
`Genetic risk assessment builds upon the discoveries in the area of DNA and genetic mapping,
where genetic predispositions toward certain kinds of behaviors could be profiled and behavioral or pharmacological strategies employed to suppress violence or sexual deviance.
`Risk assessment involves classifying and evaluating offenders based on their characteristics, crimes, and backgrounds to determine their likelihood of re-offending.
`The High/Scope Perry Preschool Project is a program designed for children of low socioeconomic status and low IQ scores who are at high risk for failure in school, emphasizing intellectual and social developmental through active learning.
`Virtual prison is an offender monitoring system in which the offender wears an ankle bracelet and a wireless tracking device that is monitored using Global Positioning Satellites and the cellular network so that the offender is continuously monitored.
`Injected or surgical implants have been proposed as an alternative to electronic bracelets because they cannot be tampered with or defeated effectively. These implants can also be monitored via Global Positioning Satellites.

How Can Offenders With Mental Health And Drug Problems Be Handled in The Criminal Justice System?
`Sixteen percent of offenders in prisons, jails, and on probation either reported a mental condition, or had stayed overnight at a mental hospital and were identified as mentally ill.
`Federal legislation passed in late 2000 created one hundred mental health courts to focus on treatment and rehabilitation of mentally ill offenders who land in the criminal justice system.
`Women offenders have different problems and in different proportions than men. For example, nearly half of women inmates have been sexually abused in the past versus only 12 percent of men. Women are significantly more likely to kill or assault a spouse or friend than men. More than two-thirds of women in prison have minor children.
`The balance between just punishment and public safety is not always easy to accomplish. Punishment of the offender is necessary to express public disapproval of law violation. At the same time corrective treatment is necessary to prevent repeated offenses.

What is The Future of Corrections?
`Offender accountability has begun and it is likely to continue. This approach to illegal behavior makes offenders aware of the damage, loss, or injury they cause and their responsibility for it.
`Punishment and control by distance includes electronic monitoring, probation kiosks, and camera and satellite surveillance that allow for depriving the offenders of some portion of their liberty and control over their movements with limited physical contact.
`Expanding the net involves subjecting more offenders to stringent forms of surveillance who previously would be dealt with less severely through traditional probation or other sanctions.
`Missouri's parallel universe is an effort to prepare inmates for release by engaging them in full-time activities that parallel the outside world. Inmates must make decisions about their life in prison, and they are held accountable for them in an effort to cultivate conforming life skils for offenders.
`The Incredible Years training series is a program offering intervention techniques to assist parents and teachers living and working with children ages two to ten. The series is designed to address and intervene in behavior problems by children and to increase their ability to act appropriately in groups.
`Community justice occurs where the justice system enhances community life and where communities partner effectively with the criminal justice system to share responsibility for social control.