Chapter 14 Vocabulary & Outline

"Origins and Organizations of Jails and Prisons"

01.Pennsylvania System - A philosophy of imprisonment that promoted repentance through solitary confinement and prevented offenders from being corrupted by mixing with other offenders.

02. Auburn System - A philosophy of imprisonment that emphasized labor and meditation. Offenders worked everyday, but they did so in silence.

03. Reformatory Movement - Late nineteenth century trend toward used of incarceration to reform through education.

04. Maximum Security - Prisons usually with a wall surrounding the entire facility that house dangerous felons (about 26% of all the inmates are incarcerated in such institutions).

05. Medium Security - Prisons that have some facilities outside the main enclosure and are surrounded by two rows of chain link fence, topped with barbed wire (half of all inmates are serving times in these institutions).

06. Minimum Security - Prison facilities that usually have no fences but have locking outside doors and electronic surveillance devices around the perimeter of the institution (about 23% of all inmates are in these institutions).

07. Penitentiaries - Maximum security federal correctional institutions.

08. Correctional Institutions - Medium security federal institutions.

09. Metropolitan Correctional Centers (detention centers) - Federal jail facilities for pretrial detention and for those serving short sentences.

10. Jails - Facilities operated by countries and municipalities to hold two main categories of inmates: those awaiting trial and those serving sentences of one year or less.

11. Recidivism - Repeat offenses by an offender.

12. Control Model - Prison management approach characterized by strict enforcement of prison rules and few privileges for prisoners.

13. Responsibility Model - Prison management approach that gives inmates more autonomy; staff guides prisoners' decision making rather than making all decisions for them.

14. Consensual Model - Prison management approach that maintains order by agreement between inmates and staff on the validity of rules.

15. Therapeutic Community Model - Prison drug treatment approach based on the notion that a person's attitudes, values, and self-esteem must change together with the targeted drug use behavior in order to create lasting change.

Outline

How Are Correctional Institutions In The United States Organized?
`Before the invention of the prison, corporal punishment was the primary method of punishment of criminals.
`Incarceration was used for poor offenders who could not afford to pay fines but whose offenses were not serious enough to deserve corporal punishment.
`The Pennsylvania system of incarceration aimed to promote repentance through solitary confinement.
`The Auburn system emphasized labor and meditation.
`Various attempts to encourage education within prisons have been unsuccessful, and today prisons lack a clear philosophical purpose.
`Prisons are classifies according to an institution at a particular level of custody: maximum security, medium security, and minimum security.
`The assignment of an offender to an institution at a particular level of custody depends largely on whether the conviction was for a violent crime.
`Jails are operated by countries and municipalities. They hold inmates awaiting trial and those serving sentences of one year or less.

How Do Correctional Institutions Operate?
`Although many people believe that prisons should not only punish offenders but also deter crime, the evidence shows that imprisonment does not prevent offenders from committing further crimes upon release.
`Rehabilitation and reform are other objectives of imprisonment, but they often are superseded by concerns for custody and security.
`Three major managerial approaches in operating prisons are the control model, the responsibility model, and the consensus model.

Who Is In Prison?
`The number of people in prisons has grown dramatically in recent decades, resulting in overcrowding.
`The proportion of prisoners who are women in growing rapidly.
`Prisoners tend to be poorly educated and to come from single-parent households where alcohol or drugs were used. Many were physically or sexually abused and have family members who have been incarcerated.

What is Inmate Life Like?
`Nearly all observers have viewed inmate work favorably, but business people and labor organizations fear competition from cheap prison labor.
`Drug use is prohibited in prisons, yet is widespread.
`Many offenders who use drugs in prison are convicted of drug law violations or used drugs before being convicted on some other charge.
`Drug treatment programs in prisons have little success.
`The growing number of women in prisons poses challenges related to the nature of the women's crimes, their family histories and child care issues.
`All federal and some state inmates are tested for HIV. Those who test positive are often discriminated against.
`Twenty percent of all male inmates are believed to be gang members. However, it is difficult to identify gang members upon admission to prison.
`The number of violent incidents in prison has increased sharply in recent years.
`The National Institute of Justice has made several recommendations regarding prison riot plans and prevention strategies. They include clearly defined lines of authority in the command structure, clear guidelines on the use of force, inter-agency cooperation, and training programs.

What are Prisoners' Rights and Responsibilities?
`The Supreme Court has heard cases involving prisoners' rights in the areas of free exercise of religion and the right to privacy.
`The Supreme Court has held that inmates are entitled to due process in cases of violation of prison rules.
`Most rule violations are committed by younger inmates who have been in prison one to two years, have a history of drug use, and have a long criminal history.